Picturing Theology, Revised Edition

Picturing Theology, Revised Edition | 43

Purpose Arianism Was Jesus God? Developed the initial from of the Nicene Creed to serve as a summary of the Christian faith Macedonianism Is the Holy Spirit a personal and equal part of the Godhead? Completed the Nicene Creed by expanding the article dealing with the Holy Spirit Nestorianism Is Jesus Christ both God and man in one person? Defined Christ as the Incarnate Word of God and affirmed his mother Mary as theotokos (God-bearer) Monophysitism How can Jesus be both God and man? Explained the relationship between Jesus’s two natures (human and divine) them were held in Europe. They were councils of the whole Church and they reflected a time in which Christianity was primarily an eastern religion in it’s geographic core. By modern reckoning, their participants were African, Asian, and European. The councils reflected a church that “. . . has roots in cultures far distant from Europe and preceded the development of modern European identity, and [of which] some of its greatest minds have been African” (Oden, The Living God , San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1987, p. 9). Perhaps the most important achievement of the Councils was the creation of what is now commonly called the Nicene Creed. It serves as a summary statement of the Christian faith that can be agreed on by Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians. The first four Ecumenical Councils are summarized in the following chart:

The first four Councils are by far the most important, as they settled the orthodox faith on the Trinity and the Incarnation. – Philip Schaff. The Creeds of Christendom . Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1996. p. 44. Our reference to the Ecumenical Councils and Creeds is, therefore, focused on those Councils which retain a widespread agreement in the Church among Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants. While Catholic and Orthodox share common agreement on the first seven councils, Protestants tend to affirm and use primarily the first four. Therefore, those councils which continue to be shared by the whole Church are completed with the Council of Chalcedon in 451. It is worth noting that each of these four Ecumenical Councils took place in a pre European cultural context and that none of

Name/Date/Location

First Ecumenical Council 325 A.D. Nicea, Asia Minor Second Ecumenical Council 381 A.D. Constantinople, Asia Minor Third Ecumenical Council 431 A.D. Ephesus, Asia Minor Fourth Ecumenical Council 451 A.D. Chalcedon, Asia Minor

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