Planting Churches among the City's Poor - Volume 1

364 • P LANTING C HURCHES AMONG THE C ITY ’ S P OOR : V OLUME 1

The first four Councils are by far the most important, as they settled the orthodox faith on the Trinity and the Incarnation.

~ Philip Schaff. The Creeds of Christendom, v. 1. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1996, p. 44.

Our reference to the Ecumenical Councils and Creeds is, therefore, focused on those Councils which retain a widespread agreement in the church among Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants. While Catholic and Orthodox share common agreement on the first seven councils, Protestants tend to affirm and use primarily the first four. Therefore, those councils which continue to be shared by the whole church are completed with the Council of Chalcedon in 451. It is worth noting that each of these four Ecumenical Councils took place in a pre-European cultural context and that none of them were held in Europe. They were councils of the whole church and they reflected a time in which Christianity was primarily an eastern religion in it’s geographic core. By modern reckoning, their participants were African, Asian, and European. The councils reflected a church that “. . . has roots in cultures far distant from Europe and preceded the development of modern European identity, and [of which] some of its greatest minds have been African” (Oden, The Living God , SanFrancisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1987, p. 9). Perhaps the most important achievement of the Councils was the creation of what is now commonly called the Nicene Creed. It serves as a summary statement of the Christian faith that can be agreed on by Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians.

The first four Ecumenical Councils are summarized in the chart on the following page.